{"id":484,"date":"2026-04-01T04:49:58","date_gmt":"2026-04-01T04:49:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/quantusintel.group\/osint\/blog\/2026\/04\/01\/network-testing-core-networking-foundation-part-1\/"},"modified":"2026-04-01T04:49:58","modified_gmt":"2026-04-01T04:49:58","slug":"network-testing-core-networking-foundation-part-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/quantusintel.group\/osint\/blog\/2026\/04\/01\/network-testing-core-networking-foundation-part-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Network Testing: Core Networking (Foundation) part 1"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Hi,<br \/> I am starting a Network testing blog writeups series from basic.<br \/> So, Let\u2019s get\u00a0started<\/p>\n<figure><img data-opt-id=1260316183  fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-images-1.medium.com\/max\/740\/0*vsY9pBJHOEAOpef8.png\" \/><figcaption>credit: centraleyes.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Topics:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>OSI model<\/li>\n<li>TCP\/IP model<\/li>\n<li>Gateway and\u00a0IP<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>OSI model:<\/em><br \/> The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a 1984 conceptual framework standardized by the ISO that breaks network communication into seven distinct layers. Well, this doesn\u2019t work in real\u00a0life<\/p>\n<p><strong>Layers are:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Application layer: This layer directly interacts with websites such as HTTP\/HTTPS, SMTP.<\/li>\n<li>Presentation Layer: This layer help in encryption of data such as\u00a0SSL\/TLS.<\/li>\n<li>Session Layer: This layer responsible for sessions between 2 devices such as session\u00a0cookies.<\/li>\n<li>Transport Layer: This layer is responsible for flow of data for example (TCP\/UDP).<\/li>\n<li>Network Layer: This layer is responsible for data routing across multiple networks.<\/li>\n<li>Data link Layer: This layer is to make sure the data transfer to physical layer must be error-free and properly\u00a0framed.<\/li>\n<li>Physical Layer: This is lowest layer of the OSI model it operates and make data available from data link layer to hardware in a binary format. This includes data transfer from cables and\u00a0switches<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure><img data-opt-id=1548930552  fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-images-1.medium.com\/max\/1024\/0*GFhVOJxE1yyiwiQR.png\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><em>TCP\/IP model:<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The TCP\/IP model is a four-layered, standardized framework. That defines how data is packetized, addressed, transmitted, routed, and received over networks. This one use in real\u00a0life<\/p>\n<p>In this as you know there are only 4 layers which\u00a0are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Application layer: This layer directly interacts with websites such as HTTP\/HTTPS, SMTP.<\/li>\n<li>Transport layer: This layer is responsible for flow of data for example (TCP\/UDP).<\/li>\n<li>Internet layer: This layer is responsible for routing data from devices to other devices in a\u00a0subnet.<\/li>\n<li>Network access layer: This layer is responsible for data routing across multiple networks. such as MAC, Ethernet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure><img data-opt-id=488234942  decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-images-1.medium.com\/max\/900\/0*vFnpAO24b4tVsG-J.png\" \/><figcaption>credit: tecadmin.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>IP: IP(internet protocol) it is unique 32 bits address assign to a particular device this is made of 32 bits such (4 Octet) for\u00a0example<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre>00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 --&gt; 0.0.0.0 <br \/>11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 --&gt; 255.255.255.255<\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>This address is made to interact with internet and other\u00a0devices.<\/li>\n<li>Gateway: Gateway is device use to connect a particular organization with whole world internet so the organization can use the internet\u00a0too.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Connect with me<\/strong><br \/><strong>Linkedin<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jeet-pal-22601a290\/\">https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/jeet-pal-22601a290\/<\/a><br \/><strong>Instagram:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/jeetpal.2007\/\">https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/jeetpal.2007\/<\/a><br \/><strong>X\/Twitter:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/Mr_mars_hacker\">https:\/\/x.com\/Mr_mars_hacker<\/a><\/p>\n<h3>And here\u2019s something special for you!\u00a0&#x1f6a8;<\/h3>\n<p>Join a community of 3<strong>,600+ security researchers<\/strong> on our <strong>Discord server<\/strong>, where we discuss <strong>Web3 vulnerabilities, audits, and much more!<\/strong> &#x1f680;<br \/>&#x1f449; <strong>Join the server here!: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/discord.gg\/Y467qAFM4X\">https:\/\/discord.gg\/Y467qAFM4X<\/a><\/p>\n<p><img data-opt-id=574357117  decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/_\/stat?event=post.clientViewed&amp;referrerSource=full_rss&amp;postId=862cc9b7b78f\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/osintteam.blog\/network-testing-core-networking-foundation-part-1-862cc9b7b78f\">Network Testing: Core Networking (Foundation) part 1<\/a> was originally published in <a href=\"https:\/\/osintteam.blog\/\">OSINT Team<\/a> on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hi, I am starting a Network testing blog writeups series from basic. So, Let\u2019s get\u00a0started credit: centraleyes.com Topics: OSI model TCP\/IP model Gateway and\u00a0IP OSI model: The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a 1984 conceptual framework standardized by the ISO that breaks network communication into seven distinct layers. Well, this doesn\u2019t work in real\u00a0life &#8230; <a title=\"Network Testing: Core Networking (Foundation) part 1\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/quantusintel.group\/osint\/blog\/2026\/04\/01\/network-testing-core-networking-foundation-part-1\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Network Testing: Core Networking (Foundation) part 1\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":485,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-484","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/quantusintel.group\/osint\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/484","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/quantusintel.group\/osint\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/quantusintel.group\/osint\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/quantusintel.group\/osint\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/quantusintel.group\/osint\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=484"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/quantusintel.group\/osint\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/484\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/quantusintel.group\/osint\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/485"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/quantusintel.group\/osint\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=484"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/quantusintel.group\/osint\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=484"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/quantusintel.group\/osint\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=484"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}